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William J. Ripple is a Distinguished Professor of Ecology at Oregon State University in the Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society. He is a widely published researcher and a prominent figure in the field of ecology. He is best known for his research on terrestrial trophic cascades, particularly the role of the gray wolf (''Canis lupus'') in North America as an apex predator and a keystone species that shapes food webs and landscape structures via “top-down” pressures. Ripple heads the Trophic Cascades Program at Oregon State University, which carries out several research initiatives such as the Aspen Project, the Wolves in Nature Project, and the Range Contractions Project.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Trophic Cascades Program )〕 He has a Ph.D. from Oregon State University ==Research== William Ripple is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific articles, most of which deal with trophic cascades.〔Oregon State University Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society. Trophic Cascades Program. Scientific Articles. Retrieved 14 April 2014. http://www.cof.orst.edu/cascades/articles.php〕 Ripple, along with his frequent coauthor, Robert Beschta, have studied, published, and publicized the positive impact that gray wolves have had on the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem since their reintroduction in 1995 and 1996.〔Ripple, W.J., Beschta, R.L., 2012. Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation 145, 205–213.〕 These studies were featured in National Geographic Magazine,〔Chadwick, D. March, 2010. Wolf Wars. National Geographic Magazine. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/03/wolf-wars/chadwick-text〕 Discover Magazine,〔Smith, J. F., Coffey, R., Fang, J. May, 2010. DESTINATION SCIENCE: YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, USA. Discover Magazine. http://discovermagazine.com/2010/apr/11-destination-science-best-adventures-museums-nightspots.〕 Smithsonian Magazine,〔Jaffe, E. December, 2006. It All Falls Down: A plummeting cougar population alters the ecosystem at Zion National Park. Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/cougar.html#〕 and Scientific American.〔Robbins, J. May, 2004. Lessons from the Wolf. Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lessons-from-the-wolf〕 Their research was also featured in the William Stolzenburg book, ''Where the Wild Things Were: Life, Death, and Ecological Wreckage in a Land of Vanishing Predators'',〔Stolzenburg, William. 2008. Where the Wild Things Were: Life, Death, and Ecological Wreckage in a Land of Vanishing Predators. Bloomsbury USA, New York.〕 and the documentary film ''Lords of Nature: Living in a Land of Great Predators''.〔Lords of Nature: Life in a Land of Great Predators. 2009. http://lordsofnature.org/〕 Ripple’s research carries a large focus on the gray wolf, particularly in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, but has also studied the impact of other large North American predators, such as the cougar (''Puma concolor'').〔Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R.L., 2006. Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biological Conservation. 133, 397–408.〕 He has coauthored papers with other scientists in the field of trophic cascades and apex predators,〔Estes, J. A., et al., 2011. Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth. Science. 333, 301-306.〕 including an exhaustive review of the status and ecological impacts of the worlds 31 largest mammalian carnivores.〔Ripple, W.J., et al. 2014. Status and Ecological Effects of the World's Largest Carnivores. Science. 343. https://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6167/1241484〕 He led an international team of scientists reviewing the status and ecological effects of the world's largest herbivores.〔Ripple, William J., et al. 2015. Collapse of the world's largest herbivores. Science Advances. 1.4, e1400103. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103〕 Ripple has also applied trophic cascade theory to the subject of the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. The hypothesis being that North American Pleistocene megafauna existed at low population densities, primarily limited by the apex predators of the time. The arrival of a novel and essentially invasive top predator (humans) could have driven these predator-limited populations to extinction.〔Ripple, W. J. & Valkenburgh, B. V., 2010. Linking Top-down Forces to the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions. BioScience. Vol. 60 No. 7. 516 - 526.〕 More recently, William Ripple has participated in publications addressing issues that are not immediately related to the subject of trophic cascades. One such article, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, advocates for reducing the total ruminant population in global agriculture as a means to combat anthropogenic climate change. Because methane is an important greenhouse gas, reducing a leading source of human-driven methane emissions such as those from ruminants could have a significant role to play in efforts to mitigate climate change.〔Ripple, W.J., et al. 2014. Commentary: Ruminants, climate change and climate policy. Nature Climate Change. 4.http://www.cof.orst.edu/leopold/papers/Ripple_2014_NCC.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William J. Ripple」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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